SUMMARY

Dalam pelajaran B.inggris kita diperkenalkan 5 text besar yaitu :

● Descriptive

● Recount

● Narrative

● Report

● Procedure

Kita akan mengupas ciri-ciri dari ke-5 text tersebut.

DESCRIPTIVE

Descriptive  => specific (detail information)

Purpose/aim : To describe a person/a people (someone o),place or  something (phenomenon).

Generic structure in descriptive :

● Identification : identifies phenomenon to be describe      (what,where,when,....in paragraph 1)

● Description    : describe characteristic ,parts,qualities( in paragraph  2,3,4,...etc)

Characteristic :

-         Noun phrase

-         Using action verb, adverb, and special technical terms

Significant lexicogrammatical features :

- Special description 

- Focus on specific participants

- Use of attributive and identifiying processes

- Use of simple present tense

SIMPLE  PRESENT  TENSE Rumus :   Keterangan waktu yang dipakai adalah ‘adverb of frequency ‘ antara lain: always, usually, sometimes, often, seldom,.... Kata keterangan tersebut masih dapat diganti oleh : -         Every...( day,week,a month,a year,..etc) -         Once....( a week,a month,a year,..etc) -         Twice...(a day, a month,a year,..etc) -         Three times... (a day, a week, a year,..etc) Contoh :            ● I often write a letter to my uncle.        ● Nia always goes to school 6.30 pm  ● We are at school every day.              ● I eat three times a day.

  

Descriptive :       “ DI SUMUR TUWAN “

DI               : DetermIner = a,an,the,my,.....etc

SU              : SUbjective = interesting,sharp,....

MUR          : uMUR = new,old,young,...

TU              : benTUk = square,round,oval,circle,...

W               : Warna = red,blue,orange,..

A                : Asal = material( plastic,gold,metal,silver)

N                : Noun = book, table,flower,chair,..

Example :                                                  

                                                                              Moon

Moon is the earth's satellite which we often see in the night. The Moon is the one place in our solar system where humans have visited. For the firs time on July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed the Lunar Module of Apollo 11 on the surface of the Moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the Moon. However do you know what descriptive facts about the Moon are?

              The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. It moves toward the east in our sky by about 12 degrees each day. The Moon is about 384,400 kilometers from Earth. The Moon has a diameter of 2,000 miles which is like to 3,476 kilometers.

              The surface of the Moon has many things, such as craters, lava plains, mountains, and valleys. Scientists believe the craters were formed around 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago by meteors hitting the moon's surface. The Moon does not have atmosphere, wind and weather that is why the footprints left there on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts will remain there for millions of years.

            The Moon is not a light source. It mean that Moon does not make its own light. It reflects light from the sun. All of us can can see the Moon especially in the night because light from the Sun bounces off it back to the Earth. If the Sun wasn't there, we can not see the Moon.

           The moon influences many of the tides in the oceans. This is because of the gravity force between the Earth and Moon. At full Moon and new Moon, the Sun, Earth and Moon are lined up, producing the higher than normal tides. When the Moon is at first or last quarter, it forms smaller neap tides.

   

RECOUNT

Recount => an event that happened in the past

Social function : to retell past even for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

Generic structure :

● Orientation : provides the setting and introduces participants ( the character,place, and time )

● Events : tell happened, in what sequence ( event 1, event 2,3,...)  conjunction = next, then, after,that,...

● Re-orientation : optional-closure of events, impression/opinion of the character in a story.

Characteristic :

-         Action verb, and adjective

Significant lexicogrammatical features :

-         Focus on specific participants.

-         Use of material processes.

-         Circumstances of time and place.

-         Focus on temporal sequence.

-         Use of simple past tense .

SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Rumus :

Keterangan yang dipakai : yesterday,last night,last week, last year,.etc

Untuk menyatakan kejadian atau perbuatan di waktu lampau.

Contoh :    ● She washed two hours ago                                                                                       
                 ● I went to the zoo yesterday

Menyatakan kejadian lampau ,yang sekarang tidak dilakukan lagi tampa menyebutkan waktu.

Contoh :    ● I never cheated                                                                                                
                 ● She always hurt me                                                                                  
                 ● Rudi fed her pets

Example :                                                  

                                                                                 Visiting Bali

There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to see as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three days swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected two tours. The first one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud.

               On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town. The street are lined with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they returned very late in the evening to Kuta.

              The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but to see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone sculpture. There my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of stone. The next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center

            My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.

NARRATIVE

Narrative => a story that happened in the past

Social function : to entertain or amuse the readers/  to entertain the listeners or readers with atrue experience on a imaginary one. The characteristic of  the text is marked by conflict and resolution.

Generic structure :

● Orientation (beginning or introduction) : introduces main characters, setting and time.

● Complication (middle) : the problems happens among the characters.

● Resolution (ending) : he problem is resolved

Significant lexicogrammatical features :

-         Use of adverbs such as ; long time ago, once upon a time ,long ago, etc.( usually at the beginning )

-         Use past tense = expresses a completed action at a known time in the past ( verb 2 ).

The structure is indicated by :

● who, where, actons verbs.

● linking words, specific characters.

● end of the story conflict

● coda : changes that occurred and the moral of the story

Example :                    

                                                              The Legend of Karimunjava Island

Once upon a time in muria mountain, there lived the family of sunan muria. amir hasan or called as sunan nyamplungan is the son of sunan muria.

He was very spoiled by his mother. because of that, he became a naughty boy.

Then his father, sunan muria asked him to study in kudus. he studied islamic religion to his uncle, sunan kudus. after some time, he became an obedient young man. sunan muria was very proud of him.

One day, sunan muria asked amir hasan to go to somewhere to spread islamic religion. his father asked him to go to an island that could be seen from muria mountain. it was on the west - north of jepara. this island seemed to be fade (kremun-kremun in javanese). and from that time, people called the island as karimunjava island.
amir hasan followed by his mate went to karimunjava island. they sailed to the island day and night and finally they reached the island. then they did what his father said. amir hasan and his people lived in the island ever after.

  

    REPORT

Report => general ( umum )

Purpose of the text : to report something, just like the way it is. The subject includes natural things, enviropment , social matters ( to provide information about natural and non-natural phenomenon).

Generic structure :

● General classification ( general information ) : which includes the report’s subject, information, and its classification.( introduces the topic of the report ).

● Descrition : provides details of topic such as physical appearance, behavior parts, landforms, quality, and uses ( typically organized in paragraph )

Characteristic :

-         More general

-         Introducing group or general inspect

-         Using conditional logical connection

Significant lexicogrammatical features :

-         Focus on generic participants( humam and non human ).

-         Use simple present tense to indicate timeless nature of information.

-         Some technical vocabulary.

-         Use of long nominal groups to compact information.

-         The use of relational processes ( being ,having ).

Example :                               Dolphin

For many years, many people believed that the cleverest animals after man were the chimpanzees. Now, however, there is proof that dolphins may be even cleverer than these big apes.

Although a dolphin lives in the sea it is not a fish. It is a mammal. It is in many ways, therefore, like a human being.

Dolphins have a simple language. They are able to talk to one another. It may be possible for man to learn how to talk to dolphins. But this will not be easy because dolphins cannot hear the kind of sounds man can make. If man wants to talk to dolphins, therefore, he will have to make a third language which both he and the dolphins can understand.

Dolphins are also very friendly toward man. They often follow ships. There are many stories about dolphins guiding ships through difficult and dangerous water.

PROCEDURE

Procedure text is used to tell how to make something.

Sosial function : to describe how something is acoplished through a sequence of actions or steps/to explain the steps in operating or making.

Generic structure :

●  Goal : purpose the procedure.(how to make.......)                                                 
Exam :  Let’s Make Your Own Aquarium Ecosystem   

● Materials  :  precise information, how long, how many, what tipe.                    
 Exam : water plants, bucket

● Steps : what to do.                                                                                                    
Exam : spread the gravels over base of the tank.

                   - First,scond,third,....                                                                      
                   - Then, after, after that, next,...                                                          
                   -Finally, at last ,....

● The frames : commands, details , with what.                                                       
 Exam : put the gravel in net and pour a jug full of water on it

● The covering : where, action verbs.                                                                       
Exam : place the tank in bright light

Characteristics of procedural text :

-         Use action verbs, such as turn, cut, mix and  put.

-         Connector to show chronology, such as then and while.

-         Adverbials to show when or how.  Example : For five minutes, two centimeters from the top.

-         Use of simple present tense.

-         Use imperative sentence

Imperatives

               Meanwhile , the italicised words above are called imperatives. Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands and instructions. The term used is usually the same as the base form. It is one of the three moods of an English verb. Imperative should be used carefully in English; to give firm orders and commands but not as much when trying to be polite or show respect to the other person.

 

Example :                                       Making Kite

Having a kite flying is interesting and make it by self is easy. Prepare the following materials to make a kite:

Butcher cord
Scotch tape or glue
1 Sheet of strong paper
2 Strong, straight wooden sticks of bamboo
Markers, paint or crayons

After the materials have been prepared, the directions bellow is easy instruction on how to make a kite:
1. Make a cross with the two sticks, with the shorter stick placed horizontally across the longer stick.
2. Tie the two sticks together with the string in such a way as to make sure that they are at right angles to each other.
3. Cut a notch at each end of the sticks. Make it deep enough for the type of string you are using to fit in to. Cut a piece of string long enough to stretch all around the kite frame.
4. Lay the sail material flat and place the stick frame face down on top. Cut around it, leaving about 2-3cm for a margin. Fold these edges over and glue it down so that the material is tight.
5. Make a tail by tying a small ribbon roughly every 10cm along the length of string.
6. Decorate your kite with the markers!